 |
 |
English | Español
Información sobre vacunas
|
Actualizado por última vez: July 24, 2007 |
|
- Entendiendo la enfermedad
- Vacunas disponibles
- Historia de la vacuna
- Quienes deben y quienes no deben recibir esta vacuna
- Calendario de dosis
- Efectividad de la vacuna
- Efectos secundarios conocidos
- Asuntos relacionados
- Referencias clave y fuentes de información adicional
|
Entendiendo la enfermedad
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 120 different viruses. Some are acquired by intimate sexual contact.
Approximately 40 HPV types are primarily sexually transmitted from person to person (for example, genital-genital contact, oral-genital contact and sexual intercourse), infecting the oral, anal or genital areas of both men and women. Genital HPV infections are very common: by 50 years of age, 70-80% of women and a similar percentage of men will have acquired genital HPV infection. Most genital HPV infections cause no symptoms and are cleared by the immune system within a few weeks or months.
Thus, the vast majority of people recover from genital HPV infection uneventfully. However, some people develop persistent genital HPV infection, some of which can lead to genital warts and others can cause anogenital cancers:
- Types 16 and 18 and others, known collectively as “high-risk” HPV types, may cause abnormal Pap tests and cervical cancer in women. Together types 16 and 18 cause approximately 70% of the cases of cervical cancer in the United States. Although there are a number of other risk factors for cervical cancer, being infected with a “high-risk” type HPV appears to be necessary to develop cervical cancer.
- In both men and women, “high-risk” HPV infections are also thought to cause 85% of anal cancers, 50% of other anogenital cancers, 20% of cancers of the throat and mouth and 10% of cancers of the larynx (voice box) and esophagus.
- Types 6 and 11 may cause genital warts. These two types of HPV are responsible for more than 90% of genital warts. These types may also spread from mother to infant during pregnancy or delivery and rarely can cause warts in the upper respiratory tract (throat, larynx) of the child.
|
Vacunas disponibles
Product: Gardasil®
Manufacturer: Merck
Year Licensed: 2006 |
Historia de la vacuna
A Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) Recombinant Vaccine was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration in 2006 for use in the United States. |
Quienes deben y quienes no deben recibir esta vacuna
Who should receive the HPV vaccine?
- Routine vaccination against HPV is recommended for all girls 11-12 years of age. The vaccination series can be started in girls as young as 9 years of age.
- Catch-up vaccination is recommended for females 13-26 years of age who have not been vaccinated previously or who have not completed the full vaccine series, whether or not they have had sexual intercourse or previous evidence of HPV infection.
Women who are breastfeeding can receive the HPV vaccine. Also, immunocompromised women (from disease or medication) can receive the vaccine. However, the immune response to vaccination and vaccine effectiveness might be less than in women who are not immunocompromised.
Who should not receive the HPV vaccine?
- Pregnant women should not receive this vaccine, since data on vaccination during pregnancy is limited. However, there is no evidence of risk to the fetus when a pregnant woman is inadvertently vaccinated; the manufacturer is maintaining a registry of pregnancy outcomes for this circumstance.
- People with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to yeast or to any vaccine component should not receive the vaccine.
- People with minor illnesses (for example, diarrhea or mild upper respiratory tract infections, with or without fever) can receive the vaccine. However, those with moderate or severe acute illnesses should be deferred until after the illness improves.
|
Calendario de dosis
Each dose of quadrivalent HPV vaccine is 0.5 mL, administered intramuscularly. It should be administered in a three dose schedule. The second and third doses should be administered 2 and 6 months after the first dose.
The quadrivalent HPV vaccine can be administered at the same visit when other age appropriate vaccines are provided, such as Tdap, Td and MCV4.
|
Efectividad de la vacuna
The efficacy of the HPV vaccine has been studied in women 16-26 years of age. In women who previously had not been exposed to the HPV types in the vaccine, the vaccine was 100% effective in preventing cervical precancers caused by the targeted HPV types, and was nearly 100% effective in preventing vulvar and vaginal precancers and genital warts caused by the targeted HPV types.
If a girl or woman is already infected with one of the HPV types in the vaccine, the vaccine will not prevent disease from that type.
Studies have shown that over 99% of study participants developed antibodies after vaccination; antibody titers (levels) were higher for young girls than for older females participating in the efficacy trials.
|
Efectos secundarios conocidos
The HPV vaccine has been tested in over 11,000 women (9-26 years of age) in many countries around the world, including the United States. These studies found that the HPV vaccine was safe and caused no serious side effects. Vaccine recipients experienced pain, swelling and redness at the injection sites, however.
The HPV vaccine does not contain thimerosal.
|
Asuntos relacionados
Because these vaccines will only prevent infection with the two types of HPV that cause most cases of cervical cancer and the two types that most commonly cause genital warts, they will not eliminate this cancer nor eliminate genital warts; however, they should greatly reduce the number of cases of both.
Therefore Pap screening and treatment programs for cervical cancer will still be needed. These vaccines are preventive and are expected to have no effect on pre-exisiting infection with these HPV types. How long the vaccines will protect those who have been immunized is not yet known.
For more information see HPV Immunization Issues.
|
Referencias clave y fuentes de información adicional
|
Vea también nuestra galería de imágenes de enfermedades.
|
|
|
|
|
